HTML Character Reference
Every so often you'll see some strange characters on the web; you might see an incorrect apostrophe, as in "youÕll", which utilizes a smart quote.
HTML doesn't display all the characters your keyboard is capable of generating as your keyboard does; anyone who's worked on Windows as well as MacOS will know that typing those "special" characters is quite different on both platforms, and it's those special characters that need addressing. Every character, from "A" to "z", has a unique ASCII identifying number, which you can use to display that character. All you need to do is have an ampersand ("&") and a number sign ("#") in front of it, and a semi-colon (";") after it, as in:
¼, which is a fraction, ¼
Because all these numbers are hard to remember, some characters have more useful mnemonics, so instead of having to remember that the "less-than" symbol (<) is <, you can just use "<", for less-than; by guesswork, you might intuit that "greater-than" is thus >, and you'd be right: >.
Below is the range of special characters and the codes required to make a browser display them.
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[non-breaking space] " " " & & & < < < > > > @ @ [ [ \ \ ] ] ^ ^ _ _ ` ` { { | | } } ~ ~  ‚ ‚ ƒ ƒ „ „ … … † † ‡ ‡ ˆ ˆ ‰ ‰ Š Š ‹ ‹ Œ Œ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ “ “ ” ” • • – – — — ˜ ˜ ™ ™ š š › › œ œ Ÿ Ÿ   ¡ ¡ ¡ ¢ ¢ ¢ £ £ £ ¤ ¤ ¤ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¦ ¦ ¦ § § § ¨ ¨ ¨ © © © ª ª ª « « « ¬ ¬ ¬ ­ ­ ® ® ® ¯ ¯ ¯ ° ° ° ± ± ± ² ² ² ³ ³ ³ ´ ´ ´ µ µ µ ¶ ¶ ¶ · · · ¸ ¸ ¸ ¹ ¹ ¹ º º º » » » ¼ ¼ ¼ ½ ½ ½ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¿ ¿ ¿ À À À Á Á Á Â Â Â Ã Ã Ã Ä Ä Ä Å Å Å Æ Æ Æ Ç Ç Ç È È È É É É Ê Ê Ê Ë Ë Ë Ì Ì Ì Í Í Í Î Î Î Ï Ï Ï Ð Ð Ñ Ñ Ñ Ò Ò Ò Ó Ó Ó Ô Ô Ô Õ Õ Õ Ö Ö Ö × × Ø Ø Ø Ù Ù Ù Ú Ú Ú Û Û Û Ü Ü Ü Ý Ý &Ygrave; Þ Þ ß ß ß à à à á á á â â â ã ã ã ä ä ä å å å æ æ æ ç ç ç è è è é é é ê ê ê ë ë ë ì ì ì í í í î î î ï ï ï ð ð ð ñ ñ ñ ò ò ò ó ó ó ô ô ô õ õ õ ö ö ö ÷ ÷ ÷ ø ø ø ù ù ù ú ú ú û û û ü ü ü ý ý ý þ þ þ ÿ ÿ ÿ Œ Œ Œ œ œ œ Š ü Š š š š Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ |
ƒ ƒ ƒ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˜ ˜ ˜ Α Α Α Β Β Β Γ Γ Γ Δ Δ Δ Ε Ε Ε Ζ Ζ Ζ Η Η Η Θ Θ Θ Ι Ι Ι Κ Κ Κ Λ Λ Λ Μ Μ Μ Ν Ν Ν Ξ Ξ Ξ Ο Ο Ο Π Π Π Ρ Ρ Ρ Σ Σ Σ Τ Τ Τ Υ Υ Υ Φ Φ Φ Χ Χ Χ Ψ Ψ Ψ Ω Ω Ω α α α β β β γ γ γ δ δ δ ε ε ε ζ ζ ζ η η η θ θ θ ι ι ι κ κ κ λ λ λ μ μ μ ν ν ν ξ ξ ξ ο ο ο π π π ρ ρ ρ ς ς ς σ σ σ τ τ τ υ υ υ φ φ φ χ χ χ ψ ψ ψ ω ω ω ϑ ϑ ϑ ϒ ϒ ϒ ϖ ϖ ϖ [en space]     [em space]     [thin space]     – – – — — — ‘ ‘ ‘ ’ ’ ’ ‚ ‚ ‚ “ “ “ ” ” ” „ „ „ † † † ‡ ‡ ‡ • • • … … … ‰ ‰ ‰ ′ ′ ′ ″ ″ ″ ‹ ‹ ‹ › › › ‾ ‾ ‾ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ € € € ℑ ℑ ℑ ℘ ℘ ℘ ℜ ℜ ℜ ™ ™ ™ ℵ ℵ ℵ ← ← ← ↑ ↑ ↑ → → → ↓ ↓ ↓ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↵ ↵ ↵ ⇐ ⇐ ⇐ ⇑ ⇑ ⇑ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ ⇔ ⇔ ⇔ ∀ ∀ ∀ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∃ ∃ ∃ ∅ ∅ ∅ ∇ ∇ ∇ ∈ ∈ ∈ ∉ ∉ ∉ ∋ ∋ ∋ ∏ ∏ ∏ ∑ ∑ ∑ − − − ∗ ∗ ∗ √ √ √ ∝ ∝ ∝ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∠ ∠ ∠ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∨ ∨ ∨ ∩ ∩ ∩ ∪ ∪ ∪ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∴ ∴ ∴ ∼ ∼ ∼ ≅ ≅ ≅ ≈ ≈ ≈ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≡ ≡ ≡ ≤ ≤ ≤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ⊂ ⊂ ⊂ ⊃ ⊃ ⊃ ⊄ ⊄ ⊄ ⊆ ⊆ ⊆ ⊇ ⊇ ⊇ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊗ ⊗ ⊗ ⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⌈ ⌈ ⌈ ⌉ ⌉ ⌉ ⌊ ⌊ ⌊ ⌋ ⌋ ⌋ 〈 〈 ⟨ 〉 〉 ⟩ ◊ ◊ ◊ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♣ ♣ ♣ ♥ ♥ ♥ ♦ ♦ ♦ |